Information Technology Industry TimeLine

Information Technology Industry TimeLine

-1944 1945-1963 1964-1974 1975-1994 1995-

last addition and/or change on 04 févr. 2003

The post-1995 is a period of "consolidation" of the computer industry, i.e. of disappearance and write-offs of many mergers concluded in the preceding periods. The consolidation reach as well the peripheral, the telecommunications and the software industry. For some (such as IBM) it allowed a restructuration towards other businesses (i.e. services). This mutation coincides with the retirement of many actors in the birth of computers.

The late 1990s were also marked by the "bubble" generated by the interest born in newly deregulated financial institutions in the data communications and Internet market. Newly created companies went public just for the purpose of grasping the ads ground and/or being reacquired. Old companies often try to match that game and have divested their hard assets. However, the Internet became in that period a normal universe for PC owners by hundreds of millions, all across the world.

Hardware manufacturing is being subcontracted to specialized companies, buying plants of brand companies and reconfigurating the production across the world. Major actors in that market are in Singapore, Taiwan and China. Microprocessor design remains an American specialty, while memory, DSP and other specialty chips are designed and manufactured all across the world.

It is yet too early to speculate on the impacts on IT industry that may have the "war against terror" that the Bush administration started after 9-11 (of 2001). The economic conditions that followed that event had a negative impact that added to the burst of the bubble. The search for more efficient tools to improve security might have a positive one on the long range, essentially by removing obstacles raised by partisans of freedom of usage of Internet. It is likely however that the impact of 9-11 will be relatively small and that the 2000s will not see an immediate revolution in the most-advanced countries. The worldwide growth of the IT industry will probably come from countries that were previously deprived from access to that technology (primarily Asia, but also Eastern Europe and hopefully South America).

Date	IBM	other USA	France	rest of the world
Jan 1995		John Chambers named CEO of Cisco
Jan 1995			Jacques Tordjman buys back consultings activities of EDS-GFI, naming it again GFI
1995				death of Konrad Zuse
Feb 1995			introduction of a CMOS version of DPS-9000 code named Jupiter in 0.35µm technology
1995				NEC introduces a 1G-bits DRAM prototype
1995		development of PostgreSQL by Jolly Chen eventually under Linux
1995		death of J Presper Eckert, at 76
1995		Digital releases AltaVista Internet search engine
1995				Flextronics International is acquired by Singaporean interests
4 Mar 1995				Formosa group establishes Nanya Technology Corp in Linkou (Taiwan) a semi-conductor foundry
Mar 1995		incorporation of Yahoo!
1995		Seagate acquires Conner Peripherals
1995		EDS acquires A.T. Kearney, a well known consulting firm
Apr 1995		introduction of Apple PowerMac with PowerPC 603 chip at 75 MHz
1995				introduction of Casio Casiopaea PDA under Microsoft Windows CE
1995		introduction of Western Digital Caviar, a 1.6GB EIDE disk
1995	introduction of AS/400 A 30 based on modified PowerPC, code named Muskie
1995				acquisition of Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd. (VSEL). by GEC
1995				Philips spins-off Signetics
1995			Serge Tchuruk named CEO of Alcatel-Alsthom renamed Alcatel 1n 1998
1995		acquisition of Network Systems NSC by StorageTek
1995				Acorn and Digital agree on manufacturing of ARM at DEC License later transferred to Intel
23 May 1995		launch of platform independent Java by Sun Microsystems
May 1995		LDDS renamed Worldcom
25 May 1995		Cray Computer Company files for chapter 11
May 1995		introduction of Apple PowerMac 9800 powered by PowerPC 604 at 120MHz
1995		introduction by Oracle of Network Computer, a terminal based on ARM processor The NC will not get the success planned by its originator.
1995		acquisition of Convex by Hewlett-Packard
Jun 1995	IBM acquires Lotus Development System
1995			Thomson Consumer Electronics renamed Thomson multimedia under Alain Prestat. The French government attempts to sell it to Korean Daewoo
1 Jul 1995				introduction of PHS phone standard in Japan by NTT and DDI
4 Jul 1995		Louis Monier developed Scooter Web search engine at Digital, later known as AltaVista
July 1995		Hughes Electronics Corporation buys CAE-Link from CAE Ltd
1995				introduction of Sega Saturn game console
24 Aug 1995		introduction of Microsoft Windows 95
Aug 1995		Microsoft introduces MSN Microsoft Networks,
Sep 1995		Novell resells Unix to SCO
Sep 1995		announcement of AT&T restructuration in separate business
1995			introduction of Bull DPS-7000 Artemis containing up to 24 Auriga 2 processors
1995		Philippe Kahn quits Borland
1995		acquisition of Tandem by Compaq
Oct 1995			France allows usage of 2.4GHz band for private communications
1 Nov 1995		introduction of Intel Pentium Pro at 150 MHz code named P6
Dec 1995		Bill Gates converts Microsoft to Internet
Dec 1995		Digital Equipment introduces its Internet search engine AltaVista
2 Jan 1996				Sir Peter Bromsfield (ex-ICL) named CEO of BT
Jan 1996		Intel introduces Pentium at .035µm at 66/150 MHz with 3.1 million transistors
23 Jan 1996		Michael Spindler is replaced by Gilbert d'Amelio as Apple CEO
23 Jan 1996		first release of Java SDK 1.0. Java was designed by James Gosling, at Sun Microsystems
Feb 1996		Break up of AT&T by the spin-off of Lucent Technologies(including the fledging Bell Labs) and NCR
Feb 1996		introduction of Digital SA-110 StrongARM microprocessor
1996			introduction of Bull's Sagister a UNIX system in mainframe clothes
1996				delivery of NEC 256Mb DRAM
1996		acquisition of Cheyenne Software by Computer Associates
11 Feb 1996	IBM's Deep Blue defeats Gary Kasparov world chess champion
1996				introduction of Libretto mini-notebook personal computer by Toshiba
Feb 1996		acquisition of Cray Research by Silicon Graphics
1996				retirement of Lord Weinstock chairman of GEC replaced by George Simpson
1996		Microsoft acquires Vermeer, the company producing FrontPage
1996			Infogrammes acquires...	... British games editor Ocean Software
1996				development of blue-laser diode by Shuji Nakamura from Nichia Corporation
Mar 1996		introduction of Palm Pilot PDA
Mar 1996				introduction of Fujitsu VPP-700 supercomputer
Mar 1996		introduction of AMD K5 with 4,300,000 transistors
1996				privatization of Deutsche Telekom
1996	opening of Austin Research Lab about advanced circuit design
Apr 1996		acquisition of Loral by Lockheed-Martin
13 Apr 1996			Zenith Data Systems merged with Packard-Bell and sold by Bull to NEC
1996		formation of Global One between Sprint...	... France Télécom...	... and Deutsche Telekom
1996				introduction of Nintendo 64 game console
6 May 1996	signature of an agreement between Apple and IBM on CHRP platform based on PowerPC
22 May 1996	death of Cuthbert Hurd, at 85, he headed scientific IBM projects in the 1950s
29 May 1996		death of Jerry Junkins TI's CEO
1996	creation of IBM Global Services
1996		Sun engineer Jon Bosak leads World Wide Web Consortium team developing XML
7 Jun 1996		General Motors relinquishes its control of EDS
Jun 1996		Tom Engibous named Texas Instruments CEO replacing Jerry Junkins
10 Jun 1996		Intel announces Pentium at 200 MHz
Jul 1996		DEC introduces 21164 Alpha microprocessor at 500 MHz
1996		introduction of Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0
Sep 1996				Roberto Colanino is named Olivetti's CEO and redirect the company in telecommunications market
26 Aug 1996		Worldcom acquires MFS Communications Company, including Internet UUNET network and infrastructure of AOL and Compuserve
Sep 1996		introduction of Microsoft Windows/ NT 4
5 Oct 1996		death of Seymour Cray, 70 from an automobile accident
1996		Southwestern Bell announces merger plans with Pacific Telesis.
1996				introduction of Psion Series 3c PDA
1996				construction of an AMD fab at Dresden, Eastern Germany
1996			IPO of France Telecom
20 Dec 1996			privatization of Bull
Dec 1996		acquisition of NeXt by Apple
Mar 1997		acquisition of US Robotics (including Palm) by 3Com
2 Apr 1997		acquisition of NexGen by AMD
1997		acquisition of Compuserve by AOL
1997				development of a 4-Gbits DRAM by NEC
1997		acquisition of Encore servers maker by Sun Microsystems
1997			acquisition of Chorus Systems by Sun Microsystems
1997		acquisition of Chips & Technologies chipset maker by Intel
2 Apr 1997		introduction of AMD K6 microprocessor with 8,800,000 transistors
Apr 1997		Acquisition of Microcom by Compaq
Apr 1997			introduction of Bull single chip processor on DPS-7000 code-named Auriga 2 with 7.7 million transistors
May 1997		introduction of Intel Pentium II (code named Klamath) with 7.5 million transistors
May 1997		Craig Barrett named Intel's president replacing Andy Grove
1997			Thierry Breton Bull's general manager is named CEO of Thomson Multimedia.
9 Jun 1997	introduction of a new generation of IBM S/390 parallel servers G3 and G4 based on CMOS technology
1 Jul 1997			Infogrammes Entertainment acquires Philips Media
Jul 1997		G d'Amelio resigns as Apple CEO
Sep 1997			Guy de Panafieu is named Bull's CEO
16 Sep 1997		Steve Jobs named Apple interim CEO
1997			introduction of Wanadoo Internet access provider by France Telecom
1997	IBM is retreating from the DRAM market...			and founds with Toshiba Dominion Semiconductors
1997		acquisition by Bell Atlantic of Nynex
1997		Sun's new server family introduced. Includes the 64-processor Sun Enterprise 10000 server
1997				introduction of Psion series 5 PDA
1997		introduction of Dragon Systems Naturally Speaking speech recognition program
1997			Daimler Benz sells its shares of Cap-Gemini	Cap Gemini sells its shares in debis Systemhaus
1997				the British telecommunications operator Mercury is renamed Cable & Wireless communications
1997		National Semiconductors acquires Cyrix
Sep 1997	IBM introduces Workpad PDA under Palm license
Sep 1997		Amdahl Corp becomes completely owned by Fujitsu
Sep 1997	IBM announces usage of copper instead of aluminum in chips circuitry
7 Oct 1997		introduction of Sun Microsystems UltraSparc III microprocessor
7 Oct 1997		Sun sues Microsoft for breaching its contract obligation to support Java compatible with Sun
21 Oct 1997		sale of semiconductor division of DEC (Alpha manufacturing) to Intel
Nov 1997		introduction of Apple Power Mac G3 with PowerPC 750 at 350MHz
10 Nov 1997		Worldcom takes over MCI, for $40B rebuffing British Telecom
Nov 1997		acquisition of Digital Equipment by Compaq for $9.6B, dela confirmed in Jun 1998
Jan 1998		Raytheon Company buys Hughes Aircraft Company's defense electronics operation
Jan 1998				introduction of Fujitsu GS8800 CMOS main frame computers
1998		Southwestern Bell is renamed SBC
Feb 1998		Apple abandons Newton PDA manufacturing
Mar 1998		introduction of Palm III PDA
May 1998		introduction of Apple iMac
May 1998		introduction of Intel Itanium, born Merced
May 1998	creation of IBM Global Services
1998		introduction of wireless BlueTooth standard by Intel, IBM....		...Nokia and Toshiba
1998		AOL acquires Netscape
1998				Samsung establish a plant at Austin TX
May 1998		DoJ, following Netscape and Sun, sues Microsoft, on bundling of Internet Explorer in Windows
May 1998		introduction of AMD K6-2 with 9,300,000 transistors, including 3DNow extensions
1998			France Telecom acquires Océane, an Internet access provider
1998				foundation of Symbiant between Psion, Nokia, Ericsson and Motorola to port ESCOM operating system on mobile telephones
1998		Veritas buys Seagate Software
1998		introduction of Apple PowerMac G3
1998				Sega introduces 64-bits Dreamcast
1998			SGS-Thomson renamed...	... STMicroelectronics with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland
1998			Matra Harris Semiconductors (MHS) is acquired by Atmel
1998		disclosure of AMD Athlon, code-named K7 processor for PC
1998		Sun Microsystems acquires Encore for $150M
1998		Alcatel buys DSC
29 Jun 1998		introduction of Intel Xeon microprocessor, based on Pentium II
21 Jul 1998			incorporation of Equant that groups the non-airline businesses of SITA
1998		acquisition of Pacific Bell and of Nevada Bell by SBC
Aug 1998		introduction of Microsoft Windows 98
24 Aug 1998		introduction by Intel of Pentium II Deschutes
Sep 1998		Handspring introduces its first PDA under PalmOS
Sep 1998	IBM introduces its Microdrive, initially at 340MB, integrated by HP, Canon, Minolta and Nikon in their photo cameras
Sep 1998		foundation of Google by Larry Page and Sergey Brin (from Stanford University)
21 Oct 1998	introduction of IBM S/390 Parallel server G5
Nov 1998		start of operation of Iridium LEO satellite network Iridium will not meet a marketing sucess and will be bought back by US government agencies
Jan 1999		Dick Brown replaces Aberthal as EDS CEO
Feb 1999		Palm introduces Palm IIIx and Palm V handheld PDA
Feb 1999		introduction of Intel Pentium III code-named Katmai in CMOS tenchnology 0.25µm
Mar 1999				introduction of NTT Docomo i-mode i Japan
1999	IBM offers Linux and Apache web server, and DB2 upon Linux on its systems.
1999		Microsoft establish a tablet PC project with Dick Bras (ex-Oracle), Butler Lampson, Chuck Thacker, Bert Keely under Alex Loeb
1999				acquisition by Sun MicroSystems of the German company StarDivision producer of Star Office, an office automation suite developed in Java
29 Apr 1999				Northern Telecom Limited in Canada changes name into Networks Corporation
1999		EMC² acquires Data General
1999		SBC acquires Ameritech (itself a consolidation of Illinois Bell, Indiana Bell, Wisconsin Telephone, Michigan Bell, and Ohio Bell
May 1999		Palm introduces Palm VII communicating PDA
Jun 1999
1999		Vodafone acquires AirTouch for $62B
Jun 1999				introduction of Sony's robot dog Aibo
Jun 1999	IBM introduces Public Source License
1999		Alcatel buys Xylan
1999		EDS transfers to MCI-Worldcom its network infrastructure facilities
1 Jul 1999		the remaining units of Control Data Corporation are bought by...		...Syntegra a systems integration subsidiary of BT Telecom
1999			Infogrammes acquire control of GT Interactive in the US
Jul 1999		Yahoo acquires Online Anywhere		introduction of Psion Series 5mx PDA with EPOC Release 5 software
Jul 1999		Michael D. Capellas named Compaq's CEO
Jul 1999		CMGI acquires a majority of AltaVista shares
1999				take-over of Telecom Italia by Olivetti for $7B
Sep 1999				introduction of Psion Series 7 PDA
Sep 1999		introduction of Apple PowerMac G4
1999				establishment of a second Samsung plant at Hwasung, Korea
Sep 1999				Software AG introduces Tamino, a XML database system
1999		introduction of AMD Athlon
1999		Computer Associates acquires Platinum Technology International
1999		merge of Honeywell and Allied Texas
Oct 1999		introduction of Palm Vx
1999				GEC is renamed Marconi plc
5 Oct 1999		Worldcom and Sprint announce their $129B merger
Oct 1999				introduction of Psion Revo PDA
19 Nov 1999				acquisition of Orange plc, a Hutchinson subsidiary by Mannesmann for $32B
Nov 1999		introduction of Pentium III Coppermine at 0.18µm
29 Nov 1999				NEC and Hitachi establish a comon subsidiary Elpida to produce DRAM semi-conductors
Dec 1999				deceiving introduction of WAP telephones in Europe
8 Dec 1999		shipment of J2EE Java platform by Sun
1 Jan 2000	computer users supports without significant problems ...	...the Y2K bug, caused by old 1960s and 1970s program...	limiting dates to only 2 digits
Jan 2000		merge of AOL and Time-Warner
2000		Microsoft publishes C# programming language
Feb 2000		L-3 Communications acquires from Raytheon its flight simulation business
Feb 2000		Microsoft announces its new version of Windows NT as Windows 2000
2000		Sun acquires Cobalt Networks Intel servers
Apr 2000		Compaq introduces iPAQ pocketPC PDA
2000			Bull introduces Olympus a version of DPS-9000 with twin-architecture (GCOS8 and Unix)
2000		Alcatel buys Newbridge
Jul 2000				3G UMTS auctions in Germany for $45B
Jul 2000		introduction of Apple PowerMac G4 Cube
13 Jul 2000		termination of merger discussions between Sprint and MCI
26 Jul 2000		Napster a pear-to-pear early company loses suit
2000		merge of QWest and US West (itself a consolidation of Pacific Northwest Bell, Mountain Bell, and Northwestern Bell
2000		Hector Ruiz named president & COO of AMD
2000		Bell Atlantic and GTE merge into Verizon
Aug 2000		Arthur Andersen is splitted into a an audit company that keeps the name Andersen and a service company renamed Accenture
2000			Cap Gemini acquires Ernst & Young consulting services, and is renamed Cap Gemini Ernst & Young
2000				Toshiba takes full control of Dominion Semiconductors, its joint venture with IBM
30 Sep 2000		spin-off of Avaya, Inc , networking group of Lucent
2000		Computer Associates acquires Sterling Software
2000		Death of Philip Katz, inventor of PKZip compression software
2000		Qwest divests long distance operations in order to complete its purchase of USWest
2000		Lucent Technologies divest itself of its enterprise systems division creating Avaya Communications
1 Jan 2001			unbundling of local lines of France Telecom
2001		introduction of Mac OS/X by Apple
2001				creation of Epida Memory Company a joint venture between NEC and Hitachi for DRAM production
Mar 2001		introduction of Palm 505 color PDA
2001			acquisition of Bull CP8 subsidiary by Schlumberger
1 Apr 2001		spin-off of Agere Sytems, Lucent's microelectronics business
Apr 2001				Ericsson enters in a joint venture with Sony, creating Sony-Ericsson
2001				acquisition of Sema Group by Schlumberger
2001				take-over of Mannesmann AG by Vodafone. France télécom acquires Orange assets
2001		acquisition of Hasbro Interactive by French Infogrammes. Hasbro renamed Infogrammes Interactive, Inc
2001			IPO of Orange, the mobile subsidiary of France Telecom
17 Jun 2001				death of Tom Kilburn designer of Manchester early machines
Jul 2001		Dr. Eric E. Schmidt (from Novell) appointed as Google's CEO
Aug 2001	Shipment of IBM Ascii-White MPP supercomputer to Livermore
Sep 2001		announcement of intended merger between H-P and Compaq
Oct 2001		introduction of Windows XP by Microsoft unifying its lines of operating system
2001		introduction of Apple iPod MP3 portable player
2001			IPO of Wanadoo, the Internet Access provider of France Télécom
2001		EDS acquire SABRE infrastructure assets
Nov 2001			Death of F H Raymond, founder of SEA
2001		Sun's UltraSPARC III processor debuts in Sun Blade 1000 workstations and Sun Fire 280R workgroup servers.
Dec 2001			divestiture of a large part of Bull-Integris services in Europe to STERIA
2 Dec 2001			Pierre Bonelli named Bull's CEO
2001		introduction of Microsoft X-Box game console
Dec 2001				failure of the Belgian company Lernaut&Hauspie after attempting to capture the market of speech recognition
Jan 2002		introduction of Apple new iMac
Jan 2002	Sanmina-SCI manufactures desk top PC for IBM USA
2002		introduction of Intel Pentium IV
Apr 2002	Sam Palmisano replaces Lou Gerstner as IBM's CEO
2002			introduction of Bull DPS7000/XTA using Intel CPU to emulate GCOS7
Apr 2002	IBM transfers its storage business in a joint-venture owned 70% by Hitachi and named Hitachi Global Storage technologies, headquartered in San Jose CA...			...IBM announces the closure of its Hungarian plant for manuacturing disks at Székesfehérvár, due to quality problems
2002				shipment of NEC Earthlink MPP supercomputer built with 640 nodes and 5104 MIPS processors at 35.61 Teraflops
2002			introduction of Escala IL400R and IL600R based on Intel Itanium, running AIX, Linux or WindowsNT
30 Apr 2002		Bernard J Ebbers founder of Worldcom forced to step down, replaced by John Sidgmore
May 2002		Conclusion of the merge between Hewlett-Packard and Compaq
May 2002		introduction of Apple XServer under MacOS/X
May 2002				retirement of Hiroshi Yamauchi, 74 president of Nintendo since 1951, replaced by Satoru Iwata
Jun 2002		introduction of AMD Athlon XP 2500+ based on Thoroughbred 0.13µ 2 GHz
Jun 2002		Micron announces its acquisitions of Toshiba's Dominion Semiconductor and of the Korean Hynix
Jun 2002	IBM announces the Nanodrive (Millipede project) on the size of a coin
Jun 2002			announcement of the acquisition of Thales IT services by GFI, project abandoned on Sep 5th, 2002
1 Jul 2002		acquisition of TRW by Northrop Grumann for $7.8B
6 Jul 2002		introduction of Intel Itanium 2, code-named McKinley with 500M transistors on 0.13µm lithography
1 Jul 2002		Hector Ruiz named AMD's CEO replacing founder Jerry Sanders
17 Jul 2002				Ron Somers is demoted as CEO of Deutsches Telkom, He will be replaced in November 2002 by Kai-Uwe Ricke
22 Jul 2002		Worldcom files bankruptcy (chapter 11)
30 Jul 2002	IBM acquires PriceWaterhouse Coopers consulting division for $3.5B
6 Aug 2002				death of professor Edsger Dijkstra
Aug 2002			Michel Gien founder of Chorus Systems leave Sun Microsystems and Found Jaluna a producer of real-time opertaing system
Aug 2002				NEC spins off its Semiconductor division as a separate company. This decision was publicly challenged by the former president Sekimoto who was fired as an adviser in December 2002
Aug 2002		Napster, producing peer to peer software, was planning to be acquired by...		...Bertelsman group of Germany. Courts barred the merge leading Napster to bankruptcy.
12 Sep 2002			Michel Bon head of France Telecom resigns facing risky investments ...	... noticeably in Mobilcom mobile operator in Germany
15 Sep 2002		Charles Simonyi, a Microsoft software pioneer, leaves MS to found a start up named Intentional Software in Bellevue WA
2 Oct 2002			Thierry Breton, previously head of Thomson MultiMedia and ex-deputy president of Bull, is named as head of France Telecom
31 Oct 2002		Microsoft gets confirmation on the consent decree settling the DoJ and states suit
8 Nov 2002				death of John Goosens, ceo of Belgacom
Nov 2002		introduction of PalmOS 5.0 featuring ARM architecture on Sony Clié and Palm Titanium PDA.
Nov 2002		introduction of Microsoft Tablet PC operating system
11 Nov 2002		resignation from H-P of Michael Capellas ex-pdt of Compaq before the merger, to become CEO of Worldcom.
18 Nov 2002		Charles Wang CEO and founder in 1976 of Computer Associates is named honorary chairman and is replaced by president Sanjay Kumar. CA was accused on accounting malpractices by SEC.
25 Nov 2002			François Bancilhon ex-INRIA founder of O2 database technology company named CEO of MandrakeSoft Linux distributor
Dec 2002	IBM acquires Rational Software
19 Dec 2002				Chris Gent CEO of Vodafone announces his resignation effective July 2003
Dec 2002	IBM acquires...		... Matra Datavision, a CAD subsidiary of the aircraft manufacturer EADS
19 Dec 2002			Roland Lassus, founder of Gemplus, is definitively ousted from the company chaired by Alex Mandl
22 Dec 2002		Microsoft and Sun Microsystems settle their dispute over Java. Microsoft obtains a Java license on Sun conditions for compatibility
26 Dec 2002			France Telecom sells...	... its cable TV subsidiary Casema in Netherlands for 665M€ to investors groups Carlyle and Providence
28 Dec 2002		Pinaccle acquires ...		the German company Steinberg developer of music program Cubase for 27M$
7 Jan 2002	....	...		... Hitachi introduces 4GB 1 in Compact Flash II Microdrive using femto slider technology from ex-IBM San Jose lab
10 Jan 2003	IBM announces the outsourcing of servers manufacturing to Sanmina and Selectron companies, that include transfer of Guadalajara end Greenock plants
13 Jan 2003		Steve Case chairman & CEO of AOL Time Warner announces his resignation effective May 2003
21 Jan 2003				NEC's president Koji Nishigaki relinquishes the CEO position to Akinobu Kanasugi

Bibliography

ainsi naquit l'informatique by René Moreau Dunod 1984
Inside Intel by Tim Jakson Harper-Collins 1997
IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems by Pugh, Johnson, and Palmer MIT Press
IBM's Early Computers by Basche, Johnson, Palmer and Pugh MIT Press 1986
Inside the AS/400 by Frank Soltis Duke Press 1996
ICL a Business and Technical History by Martin Campbell-Kelly Clarendon 1989
King of the Seven Dwarves by Homer Oldfield IEEE 1996
... and the World Wide Web

-1944 1945-1963 1964-1974 1975-1994