GE-400
Introduction
The GE-400 was the first system designed by General Electric
that was thoroughly planned for the general purpose market in the early 1960s. Developed
under the code name Mosaic It should have included three models (the upper model
being eventually cancelled and replaced by the GE-600).
It was designed and manufactured by the Computer Equipment Department in Phoenix AZ.
In 1965, manufacturing took also place in Bull-GE's plant in Angers, France.
The GE-400 was substituted in the Bull-GE's offer to the RCA-licensed Bull Gamma 30
and to its expected successors. In 1968, Bull substituted an entry model of GE-400
(GE-415) to its GE-140.
Architecture
The GE-400 used 24-bits words storing binary words, 4 BCD characters or 4 decimal digits (signed).
Addresses are binary.
Instructions are 24-bits length. Instructions have one or two addresses. There was 6 index-registers (located in lower main memory). In addition to indexation, GE-400 had indirect addressing. The architecture assumes programs to be self modifiable.
The GE-400 architecture addresses a 96-bits relocatable Accumulator (sometimes named Flying accumulator) and located in main memory.
A sophisticated EDT instruction ease the formatting of data with a format definition located in the relocatable Accumulator.
The CPI I/O Channels provided a capability of data chaining known as scatter/gather facility that reduce the amount of memory to memory Moves.
Hardware
Processor
The GE-400 architecture was using a 24-bits word, and BCD 6-bits characters. No SMP (multiprocessor) provision exist or were planned in the architecture and its implementation.
The processor was available as two versions: GE-425 and GE-435, differing by the cycle time and addressing capabilities. A floating-point hardware option was available for the few scientific users.
GE-400 also featured an IBM 1401 emulator. This emulator was a combination of hardware and software:
GE tapes had difficulties to process IBM tapes due to their lower tolerance to media defects. Overall, the penetration of the 1401 park by GE-400 was significantly inferior to that of the cheaper Honeywell H-200.
A DAP Direct Access Package hardware feature was made available in 1967 and was required for DAPS operating system operation. It included:
The main memory was using magnetic core technology and had a size reaching 128K words (equivalent to 524288 characters).
The models that have been marketed were the following:
Peripherals
The input/output devices (unit record equipment, tapes and
discs) were connected to the central memory through standards CPI (Common Peripheral
Interface) 6-bits wide parallel channels. The same peripheral were used on GE-400 and the
GE-600 product lines.
The main disc unit was the bulky DS-30, also used on GE-265 and GE-625.
Data communications applications, mainly remote batch, were supported through a Datanet-30 front-end processor.
Bull-General Electric developed a few specials for the GE-400, noticeably the connection of RCA-developed magnetic card based mass memory system , sold by Bull as the Bullrac. It could be also remember that the Compagnie des Machines Bull LP300 a reader/punch at 300 cards per minute (the fastest card punch ever built) had been selected as a card device by GE even before the GE-Bull merger.
Software
Operating Systems
MTPS Magnetic Tape Programming System
TPS was rarely used in Europe, where the majority of customers us the batch DPS system.
DPS Disc Programming System
DPS was functionally equivalent to TPS, but had the advantage of reducing the opertaing constraints of an all-tape system.
One of the original goal of DPS was to support
GE-400 disc only systems, without tapes.
However that part of the program, involving Bull-General Electric participation, was
eventually discontinued.
DAPS Direct Access Programming System
DAPS is the most advanced software system running on GE-400. The goal of that operating system was to provide , in addition to the processing of sequential files on tapes, discs the processing of "random access" files on discs and mass storage. DAPS require the DAP hardware feature.
Targeting the support of relatively slow data communication
lines required an efficient multiprogramming feature. Multiprogramming was well assisted
by the asynchronous operation of the CPI channels and their system of interrupts.
DAPS executive was named MPS Multi-Programming Operating System. MPOS included
several (overlayable) modules responsible for job management, device management, disc
blocks buffering...
DAPS supported up to 4 (four) simultaneously executing independent programs, each having the maximum size of 32K words, plus card-to-disc program-spooling and disc-to-printer and remote-printer spooling of results. The address space of programs was limited to the allocated quota of real memory. Complex business programs relied on the, then familiar, overlay mechanism for programs and temporary files for data.
Telecommunications operation was generally using a resident application programs either completing all the process or communicating with other programs through disc files.
DAPS was probably too ambitious for the GE-400 architecture and hardware. In Europe, its users were the Police administration in Paris and Oslo, Michelin, the insurances company SAMDA and the Austrian ministry of Finances.
OLBS On Line Banking System
In 1966-1968, Bull-General Electric developed in
collaboration with ACT i a transactional subsystem on the GE-400. It was based on an
analysis of the banking industry needs for on-line processing of customers accounts.
OLBS was at the origin of TDS that was later developed by Honeywell-Bull on GCOS66
and eventually upgraded as DMIV-TP on GCOS8.
Languages
Programming Languages available for DAPS include:
GE-400 DAPS applications were able to use an extensive library of service subroutines, including a math package and a comprehensive system of checkpoint and restart.
Conclusion
The GE-400 encounters a limited success in United States, where General Electric customers were more oriented to acquire more powerful GE-600 line. It was very successful in many European countries, where it was actively marketed by Bull-General Electric, GE Information Systems Italia and GEIS, Ltd United Kingdom. The park was several hundreds of systems.
The buy-out by Honeywell of GE computer assets in 1970 stopped the distribution of GE-400, the developments of which having already suspended in Phoenix since 1967. The replacement was initially the Honeywell 3200, but the GE-400 was either evaporating or was converted into the Honeywell Level-66 product line, heir of the GE-600. Conversions were relatively painless because the great majority of applications were written in COBOL and that GCO66 (alias GCOSIII) did include peculiar functions of GE-400 (such as IDS). No emulators of GE-400 was ever developed on Level-66 or other members of Series60.
Revision : 11 juillet 2001.